ECU require input from vehicle sensors such as crankshaft sensors and camshaft sensors to calculate information using programs already stored in ECU in programmable memory chips. The ECU program will use the input sensor information to calculate the desired output, such as the amount of fuel injected and when to energize the coil to start the engine.
Different systems on vehicles have different ECU. The different ECU used may be used for transmission, traction control or ABS, AC, body functions and lighting control, engines, airbags or any other system the vehicle may have. Some vehicles can incorporate multiple ECU into a single unit called a powertrain control module (PCM). These units can be an advantage by having more modules in one location, but it may be disadvantageous to add components that operate longer by adding longer wires.

Using only two data lines between ECU Sharing input sensors across the entire vehicle reduces the amount of wiring used in the vehicle. Sharing information between modules also means that they require a common language, so they can be run as a group. When a computer fails or can not share information, it may affect other modules if sensors need to be input from the faulty module.
The engine ECU in most vehicles is connected to the on-board diagnostic connector and forwards all diagnostic information on that line to all other modules or ECU. This will reduce the number of wires required and you will not need to test on every car ECU performance.
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